what part of the brain allows you to see

What is the brain?

The brain is a complex organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, affect, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and every procedure that regulates our body. Together, the brain and spinal cord that extends from information technology make up the central nervous system, or CNS.

What is the brain made of?

Weighing nearly iii pounds in the average developed, the brain is about 60% fat. The remaining xl% is a combination of h2o, protein, carbohydrates and salts. The brain itself is a non a muscle. Information technology contains blood vessels and nerves, including neurons and glial cells.

What is the gray thing and white matter?

Grey and white thing are ii unlike regions of the fundamental nervous organization. In the brain, gray matter refers to the darker, outer portion, while white affair describes the lighter, inner section underneath. In the spinal cord, this order is reversed: The white matter is on the outside, and the greyness matter sits within.

Cross sections of the brain and spinal cord, showing the grey and white matter.

Grayness matter is primarily composed of neuron somas (the circular central cell bodies), and white affair is mostly made of axons (the long stems that connects neurons together) wrapped in myelin (a protective blanket). The unlike composition of neuron parts is why the ii appear equally split up shades on certain scans.

Parts of a nerve cell: the central soma cell body with inner nucleus and outer dendrites and long axon tail, insulated by myelin pads.

Each region serves a different office. Gray matter is primarily responsible for processing and interpreting information, while white affair transmits that information to other parts of the nervous system.

How does the brain work?

The encephalon sends and receives chemical and electrical signals throughout the body. Different signals command different processes, and your brain interprets each. Some make you feel tired, for example, while others brand you feel hurting.

Some messages are kept within the brain, while others are relayed through the spine and across the body's vast network of fretfulness to distant extremities. To do this, the fundamental nervous organisation relies on billions of neurons (nervus cells).

Chief Parts of the Brain and Their Functions

At a loftier level, the brain can exist divided into the cerebrum, brainstem and cerebellum.

Diagram of the brain's major parts: cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem

Cerebrum

The cerebrum (front end of encephalon) comprises gray matter (the cerebral cortex) and white matter at its center. The largest part of the brain, the cerebrum initiates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature. Other areas of the cerebrum enable speech, judgment, thinking and reasoning, problem-solving, emotions and learning. Other functions relate to vision, hearing, bear upon and other senses.

Cerebral Cortex

Cortex is Latin for "bawl," and describes the outer grayness matter roofing of the cerebrum. The cortex has a large surface area due to its folds, and comprises nearly half of the brain's weight.

The cognitive cortex is divided into two halves, or hemispheres. It is covered with ridges (gyri) and folds (sulci). The ii halves bring together at a large, deep sulcus (the interhemispheric fissure, AKA the medial longitudinal fissure) that runs from the front of the caput to the back. The right hemisphere controls the left side of the torso, and the left half controls the correct side of the body. The ii halves communicate with 1 some other through a large, C-shaped structure of white thing and nerve pathways called the corpus callosum. The corpus callosum is in the center of the cerebrum.

Brainstem

The brainstem (middle of brain) connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. The brainstem includes the midbrain, the pons and the medulla.

Midbrain. The midbrain (or mesencephalon) is a very complex structure with a range of different neuron clusters (nuclei and colliculi), neural pathways and other structures. These features facilitate various functions, from hearing and movement to computing responses and ecology changes. The midbrain also contains the substantia nigra, an area affected by Parkinson's illness that is rich in dopamine neurons and office of the basal ganglia, which enables move and coordination.
Pons. The pons is the origin for four of the 12 cranial fretfulness, which enable a range of activities such as tear production, chewing, blinking, focusing vision, remainder, hearing and facial expression. Named for the Latin word for "bridge," the pons is the connexion between the midbrain and the medulla.
Medulla. At the lesser of the brainstem, the medulla is where the brain meets the spinal cord. The medulla is essential to survival. Functions of the medulla regulate many bodily activities, including center rhythm, breathing, blood flow, and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. The medulla produces reflexive activities such equally sneezing, vomiting, coughing and swallowing.

The spinal cord extends from the bottom of the medulla and through a big opening in the bottom of the skull. Supported by the vertebrae, the spinal cord carries messages to and from the brain and the rest of the trunk.

Cerebellum

The cerebellum ("lilliputian brain") is a fist-sized portion of the brain located at the back of the head, below the temporal and occipital lobes and to a higher place the brainstem. Like the cognitive cortex, it has 2 hemispheres. The outer portion contains neurons, and the inner area communicates with the cerebral cortex. Its function is to coordinate voluntary muscle movements and to maintain posture, balance and equilibrium. New studies are exploring the cerebellum's roles in thought, emotions and social beliefs, also equally its possible involvement in addiction, autism and schizophrenia.

Encephalon Coverings: Meninges

Three layers of protective roofing called meninges surround the brain and the spinal cord.

The outermost layer, the dura mater, is thick and tough. It includes two layers: The periosteal layer of the dura mater lines the inner dome of the skull (cranium) and the meningeal layer is below that. Spaces between the layers allow for the passage of veins and arteries that supply blood catamenia to the brain.
The arachnoid mater is a thin, weblike layer of connective tissue that does not contain nerves or blood vessels. Below the arachnoid mater is the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF. This fluid cushions the unabridged central nervous arrangement (brain and spinal string) and continually circulates around these structures to remove impurities.
The pia mater is a thin membrane that hugs the surface of the encephalon and follows its contours. The pia mater is rich with veins and arteries.

Three layers of the meninges beneath the skull: the outer dura mater, arachnoid and inner pia mater

Lobes of the Encephalon and What They Control

Each brain hemisphere (parts of the cerebrum) has four sections, called lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital. Each lobe controls specific functions.

Diagram of the brain's lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital

Frontal lobe. The largest lobe of the encephalon, located in the front of the caput, the frontal lobe is involved in personality characteristics, decision-making and movement. Recognition of smell usually involves parts of the frontal lobe. The frontal lobe contains Broca's area, which is associated with speech ability.
Parietal lobe. The heart part of the brain, the parietal lobe helps a person identify objects and understand spatial relationships (where 1's torso is compared with objects around the person). The parietal lobe is also involved in interpreting hurting and touch in the body. The parietal lobe houses Wernicke's area, which helps the brain sympathize spoken communication.
Occipital lobe. The occipital lobe is the dorsum function of the brain that is involved with vision.
Temporal lobe. The sides of the brain, temporal lobes are involved in short-term retention, speech, musical rhythm and some degree of olfactory property recognition.

Deeper Structures Within the Brain

Pituitary Gland

Sometimes chosen the "primary gland," the pituitary gland is a pea-sized construction found deep in the encephalon behind the bridge of the nose. The pituitary gland governs the function of other glands in the body, regulating the flow of hormones from the thyroid, adrenals, ovaries and testicles. Information technology receives chemical signals from the hypothalamus through its stalk and blood supply.

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is located above the pituitary gland and sends it chemical letters that control its role. It regulates body temperature, synchronizes sleep patterns, controls hunger and thirst and also plays a role in some aspects of memory and emotion.

Amygdala

Small, almond-shaped structures, an amygdala is located under each half (hemisphere) of the brain. Included in the limbic system, the amygdalae regulate emotion and retentivity and are associated with the brain'south reward system, stress, and the "fight or flight" response when someone perceives a threat.

Hippocampus

A curved seahorse-shaped organ on the underside of each temporal lobe, the hippocampus is part of a larger structure called the hippocampal formation. It supports memory, learning, navigation and perception of infinite. Information technology receives information from the cerebral cortex and may play a function in Alzheimer's affliction.

Pineal Gland

The pineal gland is located deep in the brain and attached by a stalk to the top of the third ventricle. The pineal gland responds to low-cal and nighttime and secretes melatonin, which regulates circadian rhythms and the sleep-wake bike.

Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid

Deep in the brain are four open areas with passageways betwixt them. They likewise open into the cardinal spinal canal and the surface area beneath arachnoid layer of the meninges.

The ventricles manufacture cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF, a watery fluid that circulates in and around the ventricles and the spinal cord, and betwixt the meninges. CSF surrounds and cushions the spinal cord and brain, washes out waste and impurities, and delivers nutrients.

Diagram of the brain's deeper structures

Claret Supply to the Brain

Two sets of blood vessels supply blood and oxygen to the brain: the vertebral arteries and the carotid arteries.

The external carotid arteries extend upward the sides of your neck, and are where you can feel your pulse when you touch the area with your fingertips. The internal carotid arteries branch into the skull and broadcast blood to the front end function of the brain.

The vertebral arteries follow the spinal column into the skull, where they bring together together at the brainstem and form the basilar avenue, which supplies blood to the rear portions of the brain.

The circle of Willis, a loop of blood vessels near the bottom of the brain that connects major arteries, circulates blood from the front of the brain to the dorsum and helps the arterial systems communicate with i some other.

Diagram of the brain's major arteries

Cranial Nerves

Inside the cranium (the dome of the skull), there are 12 fretfulness, called cranial nerves:

Cranial nerve 1: The first is the olfactory nerve, which allows for your sense of smell.
Cranial nerve 2: The optic nervus governs eyesight.
Cranial nerve iii: The oculomotor nerve controls educatee response and other motions of the eye, and branches out from the area in the brainstem where the midbrain meets the pons.
Cranial nerve 4: The trochlear nerve controls muscles in the eye. It emerges from the dorsum of the midbrain part of the brainstem.
Cranial nerve 5: The trigeminal nerve is the largest and nearly complex of the cranial nerves, with both sensory and motor part. It originates from the pons and conveys sensation from the scalp, teeth, jaw, sinuses, parts of the mouth and face to the encephalon, allows the function of chewing muscles, and much more.
Cranial nerve 6: The abducens nerve innervates some of the muscles in the eye.
Cranial nerve 7: The facial nerve supports face movement, gustatory modality, glandular and other functions.
Cranial nerve viii: The vestibulocochlear nerve facilitates balance and hearing.
Cranial nerve 9: The glossopharyngeal nerve allows taste, ear and throat movement, and has many more functions.
Cranial nerve 10: The vagus nerve allows sensation around the ear and the digestive system and controls motor activity in the heart, pharynx and digestive system.
Cranial nerve 11: The accessory nerve innervates specific muscles in the head, neck and shoulder.
Cranial nerve 12: The hypoglossal nerve supplies motor activity to the tongue.

The showtime two fretfulness originate in the cerebrum, and the remaining x cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem, which has three parts: the midbrain, the pons and the medulla.

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Source: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/anatomy-of-the-brain#:~:text=Occipital%20lobe.,that%20is%20involved%20with%20vision.